Tourism, migration and gender in the context of climate change
The case of the Merzouga oasis (Morocco)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-858525038800032208Keywords:
climate change, gender , Merzouga, migration, tourismAbstract
Tourism, emigration and climate change are three elements that are inter-related in the context of the Merzouga region, oasis located in the south-east of Morocco. This area is seriously affected by drought, rising temperatures, and lack of water. This situation has caused serious losses in agriculture. Ant it has led the population - previously nomadic - to abandon livestock farming and take refuge in tourism as an economic alternative as well as emigration. All of this happens in a society where there are strong gender inequalities. In this paper, we try to demonstrate how these three phenomena feed off each other. To do this, a qualitative approach was used by doing fieldwork in the region while adopting a gender perspective.
References
AÏT HAMZA, Mohamed. Nomadisme et semi-nomadisme au Maroc. Encyclopédie berbère, 34, 2012.
BANQUE MONDIALE. Rapport Climat et développement au Maroc : Banque Mondiale, 2022.
BEAUMONT, E. Compte-rendu de conférence : Le Tourisme dans le Désert, Architecture et Développement, inédito.
BETON, Laura; MOISSERON, Jean-Yves; TEBBAA, Ouidad. Femme et climat au Maroc: un nouvel horizon après la COP22. Casablanca: La Croisée des Chemins, 2016.
BECHCHARI, Abdelmajid; EL AICH, Ahmed; MAHYOU, Hamid; BAGHDAD, Mohamed Hirrech; BENDAOU, Mohamed. Analyse de l’évolution du système pastoral du Maroc oriental. Revue de l’élevage et de médicine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, v. 67, n. 4, p. 151-162, 2014.
BERRIANE, Mohamed. Les dynamiques de l’émigration marocaine et leurs effets sur les régions d’origine. Transatlantic dialogues on migration and development issues: the Mexico-US and Morocco-EU Experiences. Mexico March 16th-20th, 2009.
CALLIZO SONEIRO, Javier. Aproximación a la geografía del turismo. Madrid: Síntesis, 1991.
CHAMBERS, Erve. Native tours: the Anthropology of travel and tourism. Illinois: Waveland, 2000.
CHÁVEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, Libertad. La importancia de la interseccionalidad en la vulnerabilidad social ante eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en Yucatán, México. In: VELÁZQUEZ, Margarita; VÁZQUEZ, Verónica; DE LUCA, Ana; SOSA, María (coord.). Transformaciones ambientales e igualdad de género en América Latina: temas emergentes, estrategias y acciones. Cuernavaca, Morelos: UNAM, 19-42, 2016.
CHINDARKAR, Namrata. Gender and climate change-induced migration: proposing a framework for analysis. Environmental Research Letters, v. 7, n. 2, 2012.
CHOLEZ, Laury-Anne. Merzouga: un exemple à ne pas suivre dans le désert marocain. Tourmag. 08.04.2010. Disponible en: <https://www.tourmag.com/Merzouga-un-exemple-a-ne-pas-suivre-dans-le-desert-marocain_a37739.html>. Acceso en: 25.05.2024.
CLEMENT, Viviane; RIGAUD, Kanta: DE SHERBININ, Alex; JONES, Bryan; ADAMO, Susana; SCHEWE, Jacob; SADIQ, Nian; SHABAHAT, Elham Shirin. Groundswell Part II. Acting on internal climate migration. Washington, D.C., Worl Bank Group, 2021.
DAHLES, Heidi; BRAS, Karin. Entrepreneurs in Romance. Annals of Tourism Research, v. 25, n. 2, p. 267-293, 1999.
DE HAAS, Hein. Migration and Development in Southern Morocco: the disparate socio-economic impacts of out-migration on the Todgha oasis valley. Rotterdam: Grafische Communicatie, 2003.
DE KADT, Emanuel. Turismo: ¿Pasaporte al desarrollo? Madrid: Endymion, 1991.
DEKKARI, Abderrahman. Le tourisme des dunes de l'Erg Chebbi (Maroc). Les germes d'autodestruction d'un secteur en pleine expansion. Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie, n. 14, p. 35-44, 2013.
EL HARRAS, Mokhtar. Féminité et masculinité dans la société rurale marocaine : le cas d’Anjra. In BOURQIA, Rahma ; CHARRAD, Mounira ; GALLAGHER, Nancy. (dirs.) Femmes, culture et société au Maghreb. vol. I, Casablanca: Afrique Orient, 2000, p. 37-52.
ESCRICHE, Pedro. Influencia del turismo y del cambio climático en las comunidades oasianas del sudeste marroquí: hacia la adaptación o la desaparición. In BERNAL, Hernando; SIERRA, Carlos; ONAINDIA, Miren; GONZÁLEZ, Tirso (coord.). Bosques del mundo, cambio climático & Amazonía. Cátedra UNESCO sobre Desarrollo Sostenible y Educación Ambiental, p. 269-279, 2011.
FERRÁNDEZ, Trinitario.; RUIZ-ROCAMORA, Adrián.; PERALES, Pablo; ARNALDOS, Irene; TAPIA, Manuel; ALGUAZAS, José; ASENSIO-PÉREZ, Ana; CARRILLO, Antonio; DA SILVA, Yolande; GALIÁN, José. Nuevos datos sobre la distribución de mamíferos (mammalia) en las dunas de Erg Chebbi (Marruecos). Graellsia, v. 75, n. 1, 2019.
FREIER, Korbinian; FINCKH, Manfred; SCHNEIDER, Uwe. Adaptation to New Climate by an Old Strategy? Modeling Sedentary and Mobile Pastoralism in Semi-Arid Morocco. Land, n. 3, p. 917-940, 2014.
FRANÇOIS, Alain; GAUCHE, Evelyne; GENIN, Alain. L’adaptation des territoires aux changements climatiques dans l’Oriental marocain : la vulnérabilité entre action et perceptions. Vértigo, v. 16, n. 19, 2016.
GAGNOL, Laurent et LANDEL, Pierre-Antoine. Psammotourisme. Le sable au désert comme expérience et ressource touristique spécifique. Via. Tourism Review, 10. 2016.
GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ, Manuel; MOYA-PALOMARES, Eugenia; DE PABLO, Miguel; VICENTE, Rosa; ACASO, Eduardo. Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero de Erg Chebbi en el entorno de Hassilabied (Marruecos) en M+A, Revista electrónic@ de Medio Ambiente, n. 5, p. 41-57, 2008.
GÉLARD, Marie-Luce. De la tente à la terre, de la terre au ciment: persistance et permanence de la tente dans un village de sédentarisation (Merzouga, Maroc). Socio-Anthropologie, n. 22, p. 123-143, 2008.
HABRAN, Hassan. El agua y el medio ambiente en los oasis marroquíes: la cuestión de los sedimentos culturales y del desarrollo sostenible. Madarat tarikhiya, v. 1, n. 3, p. 330- 347, 2019.
HASHIMOTO, Atsuko. Tourism and Sociocultural Develoment Issues. In: SHARPLEY, Richard; TELFER, David. Tourism and Development: concepts and Issues. Sydney: Channel View Publications, p. 202-234, 2022.
HAUT COMMISSARIAT AU PLAN. Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitat. HCP, 2014. https://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-General-de-la-Population-et-de-l-Habitat-RGPH-2014_a2945.html. Acceso en: 24.02.2024.
HAUT COMMISSARIAT AU PLAN. Déterminants des Transferts et des Investissements des Migrants Marocains à l’Etranger. HCP, 2022. Disponible es: https://www.hcp.ma/file/235620/. Acceso en: 24.02.2024.
HENNANI, Soufiane. Les nómades de l’Extrême-Est: Entre réchauffement climatique et sécheresse politique. Maroc: Justice climatique, urgences sociales. Rabat: En toutes lettres. 2021
HERRERO, Dolores. Los impactos socio-culturales, económicos y medio-ambientales del turismo. In: VV.AA. Turismo sostenible, Madrid: IEPALA, p. 69-91, 2002.
HERRERO, Mario; ADDISON, Jane; BEDELIAN, Claire; CARABINE, Elizabeth; HAVLÍK, Petr; HENDERSON, Benjamin; VAN DE STEEG, Jeannette; THORNTON, Philip. Climate change and pastoralism: impacts, consequences and adaptation. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE, v. 35, n. 2, p. 417-433, 2016.
HOUZIR, Meriem. Femmes oasiennes et changement climatique au Maroc. Rabat : Fondation Heinrich Böll Stiftung Afrique du Nord Rabat, 2017.
KINNAIRD, Vivian; HALL, Derek. Conclusion: the way forward. In KINNAIRD, Vivian; HALL, Derek (eds.). Tourism: a gender analysis. Chichester: John Willey and Sons, p. 210-216, 1995.
KINNAIRD, Vivian.; KOTHARI, Uma; HALL, Derek. Tourism: Gender perspectives. In KINNAIRD, Vivian.; HALL, Derek. Tourism: a gender analysis. Chichester: John Willey and Sons, p. 1-34, 1995.
LANQUAR, Robert. Turismo, migraciones y codesarrollo. Revista internacional de sociología, vol. 65, n. 48, p. 221-241, 2007.
MAHDANE, Mhamed y RUF, Thierry. Les irrigantsd’extrême aval dans les bassin endoréique du Ziz au sud du Maroc, face aux risques de manquer d’eau: Dayt Sriej, Merzouga, Marc. Hespéris- Tamuda LII, 1, 219-235. 2017.
MORILLO, Ignacio. A(isla)miento del desierto. Arquitectura vernácula marroquí. 2022.
MSEFFER, Dounia. L’oasis de Skoura, un patrimoine en voie de disparition. Maroc: Justice climatique, urgences sociales. Rabat: En toutes lettres. 2021
NAGY, Raluca. Tourisme et migration dans les Maramures. Ethnologies, v. 31, n. 1, p. 111-126, 2009.
ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE POUR LES MIGRATIONS. Fiche thématique: Migration, Environnement et Changement Climatique au Maroc, 2022. Disponible. en : <https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1411/files/documents/2023-09/fiche_thematique_mecc.pdf>.
ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL TURISMO. Turismo y Cambio Climático: hacer frente a los retos comunes. Estudios Turísticos, n. 173, p. 309-321, 2007.
PÉREZ REDONDO, Rubén. Sociología del turismo: el sistema turístico frente al cambio climático. BARATARIA. Revista Castellano-Manchega de Ciencias Sociales, n. 11, p. 159-170, 2010.
PULIDO, Juan (coord.); VERA, José; LANQUAR, Robert.; OLIVA, Juan; VALLS, Josep; MARCHENA, Manuel; PRATS, Fernando. Turismo y cambio climático. Revista de Análisis Turístico, n. 4, p. 100-112, 2007.
SHARPLEY, Richard. Tourism: a vehicle for development? In: SHARPLEY, Richard; TELFER, David. Tourism and Development: concepts and issues, Sydney: Channel View Publications, p. 11-34, 2002
SKINNER, Emmeline. Gender and Climate Change. Cutting Edge Pack. Overview Report, 2011.
SOBCZAK, Karolina. Changes in the environment and migration in southern Morocco: example of the Mhamid Oasis. Miscellanea Geographica, v. 13, p. 239-250, 2008.
TANGERMANN, Julian; TRAORE, Mariam. Environmental migration in Morocco: Stocktaking, challenges and opportunities. Migration, Environment and Climate Change. Policy Brief Series, v. 2, n. 3, p. 1-10, 2016.
VAN PRAAG, Lore. A qualitative study of the migration-adaptation nexus to deal with environmental change in Tinghir and Tangier (Morocco). Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, v. 18, n. 1, p. 1-17, 2021.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 María Jesús Berlanga Adell, Rajae El Khamsi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Licença Creative Commons do tipo atribuição BY that allows the sharing of the work with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted to to self-archive their published manuscripts by posting them in personal blogs, institutional repositories and scientific social media, as well as on their personal social media, as long as the full citation of the original publication is included.