Perceived workplace discrimination by South American immigrants in Chile
A quantitative study in a large sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880003208%20Palavras-chave:
contact theory , perceived discrimination , south-south migrationResumo
South American immigrants in Chile constantly suffer workplace discrimination, which is usually related to different variables that are inherent to their immigration process. The objective of this article was to evaluate perceived workplace discrimination by South American immigrants in Chile. A cross-sectional design with a descriptive scope was used, where the final sample was made up of 612 South American immigrants of legal age who have been living in the country for more than a year. The results indicate that immigrants who perceive more discrimination in the workplace are those who mainly interact with foreigners from a third nationality. Finally, the discussion is presented, contrasting the results with the theoretical framework, weaknesses and strengths of the study are analyzed, and future lines of research are suggested.
Referências
AMBIADO, Constanza; VELOSO, Víctor; TIJOUX, María Emilia. ¿Trabajo sin libertad en Chile? Migrantes entre el racismo, la violencia y la dependencia. Andamios, v. 19, n. 48, p. 161-181, 2022. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v19i48.899
http://dx.doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v19i48.899
BERRÍOS-RIQUELME, José. Labor market insertion of professional Venezuelan immigrants in northern Chile: Precariousness and discrimination in the light of migration policy. REMHU, Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, v. 29, n. 62, p. 121-144, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006208
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006208
BERRÍOS-RIQUELME, José; GALDAMES, Rodrigo; DUFRAIX, Iciar; BOLÍVAR, Daniela. Discriminación percibida por inmigrantes sudamericanos en la región de Tarapacá: diferencias por variables sociodemográficas. Si Somos Americanos, n. 23, p. 1-20, 2023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0719-09482023000100202
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0719-09482023000100202
BERRÍOS-RIQUELME, José; MALUENDA-ALBORNOZ, Jorge; CASTILLO-ROZAS, Gustavo. Perceived discrimination and mental health of South American immigrants in Chile: the protective role of the self-esteem in four nationalities. Social Work in Mental Health, v. 20, n. 62, p. 282-298, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2021.2007438
https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2021.2007438
BRONDOLO, Elizabeth; KELLY, Kim P.; COAKLEY, Vonetta; GORDON, Tamar; THOMPSON, Shola; LEVY, Erika. The Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Community Version. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, v. 35, n. 2, p. 335-365, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02124.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02124.x
CARMONA-HALTY, Marcos; NAVAS, Marisol; ROJAS-PAZ, Paulina. Percepción amenaza exogrupal, contacto intergrupal y prejuicio afectivo hacia colectivos migrantes latinoamericanos en Chile. Interciencia, v. 43, n. 1, p. 23-27, 2018.
CENEM. Percepción de los chilenos sobre la inmigración Universidad de Talca, 2019. Available at: http://www.cenem.utalca.cl/docs/publicaciones/INFORME_PERCEPCION_DE_LOS_CHILENOS_SOBRE_LA_INMIGRACION2.pdf
FRÍAS-NAVARRO, Dolores; PASCUAL SOLER, Marcos (eds.). Diseño de la investigación, análisis y redacción de los resultados Valencia: Palmero Ediciones, 2022.
GARCÉS-ESTRADA, Carolina; LEIVA-GÓMEZ, Sandra; COMELIN-FORNÉS, Andrea. Interseccionalidades y trabajo de cuidado: migración circular boliviana en el norte de Chile. Apuntes, v. 49, n. 90, p. 119-145, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.90.1409
https://doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.90.1409
GISSI, Nicolás; ANDRADE, Eduardo. Migración venezolana reciente en Chile: inserción socioeconómica, comercio y redes intra e interétnicas en Santiago (2018-2021). Si Somos Americanos, v. 22, n. 2, p. 130-152, 2022. DOI: https://www.sisomosamericanos.cl/index.php/sisomosamericanos/article/view/1021
https://www.sisomosamericanos.cl/index.php/sisomosamericanos/article/view/1021
GUIZARDI, Menara; GARCÉS, Alejandro. Mujeres peruanas en las regiones del norte de Chile: Apuntes preliminares para la investigación. Estudios Atacameños, n. 44, p. 5-34, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432012000200002
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432012000200002
HERDA, Daniel. “To Hell With Them All!”: Perceived Discrimination, Interracial Contact, and Racial Attitudes. Sociological Focus, v. 51, n. 2, p. 111-129, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2017.1370939
https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2017.1370939
INE; SERMIG. Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes en Chile al 31 de diciembre de 2021: Desagregación nacional, regional y principales comunas, 2022. Available at: https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estadisticasmigratorias/estimacionesdeextranjeros/
https://serviciomigraciones.cl/estadisticasmigratorias/estimacionesdeextranjeros/
KOOPS, Judith; MARTINOVIC, Borja; WEESIE, Jeroen. Are Inter-Minority Contacts Guided by the Same Mechanisms as Minority-Majority Contacts? A Comparative Study of Two Types of Inter-Ethnic Ties in the Netherlands. International Migration Review, v. 51, n. 3, p. 701-726, 2017. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/45116662
https://www.jstor.org/stable/45116662
LEÓN, Camila. La retradicionalización de los roles de género en la maternidad transnacional: el caso de mujeres peruanas en Santiago de Chile. Si Somos Americanos, v. 14, n. 1, p. 15-40, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-09482014000100002
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-09482014000100002
MERA, María José; MARTÍNEZ-ZELAYA, Gonzalo; BILBAO, María; GARRIDO, Armanda. Chilenos ante la inmigración: un estudio de las relaciones entre orientaciones de aculturación, percepción de amenaza y bienestar social en el Gran Concepción. Universitas Psychologica, v. 16, n. 5, p. 1-14, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.cier
https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.cier
MERA-LEMP, María José; MARTÍNEZ-ZELAYA, Gonzalo; ORELLANA, Aracely; SMITH-CASTRO, Vanessa. Acculturation orientations, acculturative stress and psychological well-being on Latin American immigrants settled in Santiago, Chile. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, v. 23, n. 1, p. 216-230, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2020.23.1.11
https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2020.23.1.11
MORA, Claudia; UNDURRAGA, Eduardo. Racialisation of Immigrants at Work: Labour Mobility and Segmentation of Peruvian Migrants in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research, v. 32, n. 3, p. 294-310, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12002
https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12002
PETTIGREW, Thomas; TROPP, Linda. Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice: recent meta-analytic findings. In: OSKAMP, Stuart (ed.). Reducing prejudice and discrimination “The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology”. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2006, p. 93-114.
______. How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol, v. 38, n. 6, p. 922-934, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
PETTIGREW, Thomas; TROPP, Linda; WAGNER, Ulrich; CHRIST, Oliver. Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, v. 35, n. 3, p. 271-280, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
PURKAYASTHA, Damini; BIRCAN, Tuba; WALI, Ahmad; CEYLAN, Duha. Irregular migration is skilled migration: reimagining skill in EU’s migration policies. Humanit Soc Sci Commun, v. 10, p. 417, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01885-7
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01885-7
RICO, María; LEIVA-GÓMEZ, Sandra. Trabajo doméstico migrante en Chile y el COVID-19. Cuidadoras bolivianas en el descampado. Migraciones, v. 53, p. 227-255, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i53y2021.009
https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i53y2021.009
ROESSLER, Pablo; LOBOS, Costanza; ROJAS, Nicolás; RIVERA, Francisco. Inclusión relacional de personas migrantes en Chile: hacia un modelo de medición estadístico. Migraciones Internacionales, v. 13, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2465
https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2465
SALGADO, Flavio; CONTRERAS, Carlos; ALBORNOZ, Lorena. La migración venezolana en Santiago de Chile: entre la inseguridad laboral y la discriminación. Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, v. 8, n. 1, p. 81-117, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25115/riem.v8i1.2164
https://doi.org/10.25115/riem.v8i1.2164
SJM. Migración en Chile. Lecciones y desafíos para los próximos años: Balance de la Movilidad Humana en Chile 2018 - 2022. 2022. https://www.migracionenchile.cl/publicaciones
https://www.migracionenchile.cl/publicaciones
SILVA SEGOVIA, Jimena; RAMÍREZ-AGUILAR, Francis; ZAPATA-SEPÚLVEDA, Pamela. Experiencias laborales de mujeres migrantes afrocolombianas en el norte de Chile. Interciencia, v. 43, n. 8, p. 544-551, 2018.
SOUSA, Emily; AGUDELO-SUÁREZ, André; BENAVIDES, Fernando; SCHENKER, Marc; GARCÍA, Ana; BENACH, Joan; DELCLOS, Carlos; LÓPEZ-JACOB, María José; RUIZ-FRUTOS, Carlos; RONDA-PÉREZ, Elena; PORTHÉ, Victoria. Immigration, work and health in Spain: the influence of legal status and employment contract on reported health indicators. International Journal of Public Health, n. 55, p. 443-451, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0141-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-010-0141-8
STEFONI, Carolina; LEIVA, Sandra; BONHOMME, Macarena. Migración internacional y precariedad laboral. El caso de la industria de la construcción en Chile. REMHU, Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, v. 25, n. 49, p. 95-112, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880004906
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880004906
STEFONI, Carolina; STANG, Fernanda; ROJAS, Pablo. Extractive Economy and Mobilities. The Case of Large Copper Mining in the Antofagasta Region. In: HERRERA, Gioconda; GÓMEZ, Carmen (eds.). Migration in South America: IMISCOE Regional Reader Springer, 2022, p. 27-50.
The jamovi project. jamovi. 2021 (Version 2.2) [Computer Software]. Available at: https://www.jamovi.org
TIJOUX, María Emilia. Racismo en Chile: Inmigrantes vulnerados. Anthropos, v. 251, p. 175-183, 2019.
URZÚA, Alfonso; FERRER, Rodrigo; GODOY, Nidia; LEPPES, Francisca; TRUJILLO, Carlos; OSORIO, Camila; CAQUEO-URÍZAR, Alejandra. The mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in immigrants. PLoS ONE, v. 13, n. 6, e0198413, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198413
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198413
URZÚA, Alfonso; FERRER, Rodrigo; OLIVARES, Esthepany; ROJAS, Jeraldinne; RAMÍREZ, Romy. El efecto de la discriminación racial y étnica sobre la autoestima individual y colectiva según el fenotipo auto-reportado en migrantes colombianos en Chile. Terapia Psicológica, v. 37, n. 3, p. 225-240, 2019. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082019000300225
https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082019000300225
VELOSO, Víctor; AMBIADO, Constanza; TIJOUX, María Emilia. Trabajo y migración en el Chile contemporáneo. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, v. 31, n. 61, p. 1-25, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18504/pl3161-015-2023
https://doi.org/10.18504/pl3161-015-2023
WB; SERMIG; Centro UC. Encuesta Nacional de Migración 2022: Presentación de resultados 2022.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 José Berríos-Riquelme, Gustavo Castillo-Rozas, Olaya Grau-Rengifo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Os autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons do tipo atribuição BY que permite que os artigos sejam reutilizados e distribuídos sem restrição, desde que seja reconhecida a autoria e que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.
Os Autores têm permissão de autoarquivar seus manuscritos aceitos, publicando-os em blogs pessoais, repositórios institucionais e mídias sociais acadêmicas, bem como postando-os em suas mídias sociais pessoais, desde que seja incluída a citação completa da versão original da revista.